Tierprodukte erhöhen Diabetes-Risiko
Auszüge aus der Fachliteratur:
„There is a long-standing epidemiological link between the consumption of red meat (beef, pork, and lamb) and the incidence of carcinomas, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality …“
Quelle: Samraj et al. 2014
„… meat consumption was positively associated with mortality because of all causes of death combined (…), coronary heart disease (…), and diabetes …“
Quelle: Snowdon 1988
„Long-term adherence (over a 17-year interval) to a diet that included at least weekly meat intake was associated with a 74% increase in odds of diabetes relative to long-term adherence to a vegetarian diet (zero meat intake).“
Quelle: Studie mit 8.401 Proband:innen, Vang et al. 2008
„After adjustment for important diabetes risk factors and dietary factors, the incidence of type 2 diabetes was higher in those with high intake of ... animal protein (...) Plant protein intake was not associated with type 2 diabetes ...“
Quelle: Studie mit 16.154 Proband:innen, van Nielen et al. 2014
„... lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan were associated with lower risks of type-2 diabetes. The risks reduction of diabetes for lacto-ovo-vegetarians varied between 38% and 61%; and 47% to 78% for vegans.“
Quelle: Le et al. 2014
„Prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased from 2.9% in vegans to 7.6% in nonvegetarians; the prevalence was intermediate in participants consuming lacto-ovo (3.2%), pesco (4.8%), or semi-vegetarian (6.1%) diets. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, television watching, sleep habits, alcohol use, and BMI, vegans (...) had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than nonvegetarians.“
Quelle: Tonstad et al. 2009
„In this article, we evaluate the evidence supporting the use of meat consumption as a clinically useful risk factor for type 2 diabetes, based on studies evaluating the risks associated with meat consumption (...) the presence of biological mechanisms linking meat consumption with diabetes supports its validity as a bona fide risk factor meriting the attention of clinicians and policymakers.“
Quelle: Barnard et al. 2014
„Cases of diabetes developed in 0.54% of vegans, 1.08% of lacto ovo vegetarians, 1.29% of pesco vegetarians, 0.92% of semi-vegetarians and 2.12% of non-vegetarians. (...) In multiple logistic regression analysis controlling for age, gender, education, income, television watching, physical activity, sleep, alcohol use, smoking and BMI, (...) vegetarian diets (vegan, lacto ovo, semi-) were associated with a substantial and independent reduction in diabetes incidence.“
Quelle: Studie mit 41.387 Proband:innen, Tonstad et al. 2013
„In this large European prospective study we found an overall positive association between consumption of meat and risk of type 2 diabetes. (...) During 11.7 years of follow-up, 12,403 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified among 340,234 adults from eight European countries. (...) multivariate analyses showed significant positive associations with incident type 2 diabetes for increasing consumption of total meat (50 g increments: HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05, 1.12), red meat (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03, 1.13) and processed meat (HR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05, 1.19)“
Quelle: Studie mit 340.234 Proband:innen, The InterAct Consortium 2012
„We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for relationships of red (unprocessed), processed, and total meat consumption with incident CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. (...) Of 1598 identified abstracts, 20 studies met inclusion criteria, including 17 prospective cohorts and 3 case-control studies. (...) [each daily serving of] processed meat intake was associated with 42% higher risk of [coronary heart disease] (...) and 19% higher risk of diabetes mellitus ...“
Quelle: Review basierend auf 20 empirischen Studien mit 1.218.380 Proband:innen, Micha et al. 2010
„In the review by Aune et al (12 cohort studies from the USA, Europe, Asia and Australia), a statistically significant positive association between total red meat and processed meat and type 2 diabetes risk emerged (21% and 41% increased risk for highest vs lowest intake, respectively) ...“
Quelle: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse von Aune et al. durch The Interact Consortium 2012
„In [a study by Männistö et al. (2010)] aimed to examine the association between meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of Finnish middle-aged male smokers, over 1,000 incident cases of diabetes were identified in 12 years of follow-up. High total and processed meat consumption emerged as risk factors for type 2 diabetes with 50% and 37% increased adjusted risks, respectively, in the highest vs the lowest quintiles.“
Quelle: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse von Männistö et al. durch The Interact Consortium 2012
„In a prospective cohort of 4,366 Dutch participants, 456 diabetes cases were confirmed during a median follow-up period of 12.4 years. In the highest category of red and processed meat consumption, compared with the lowest category, a 42% and 87% increased risk was shown, respectively …“
Quelle: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse von van Woudenbergh et al. durch The Interact Consortium 2012
„After adjustment for age, BMI, and other lifestyle and dietary risk factors, both unprocessed and processed red meat intakes were positively associated with [type 2 diabetes] risk in each cohort. (...) The results were confirmed by a meta-analysis ...“
Quelle: Studien mit 442.101 Proband:innen und 28.228 Diabetes-Neuerkrankungen, Pan et al. 2011
„... in the more recent review by Pan et al (nine cohort studies from the USA, Finland, Germany and China), both unprocessed and processed red meat were significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (19% and 51% increased risk for 100 and 50 g/day, respectively).“
Quelle: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse von Pan et al. durch The InterAct Consortium 2012
„Greater red meat intake is associated with an increased type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.“
Quelle: Ley et al. 2014
„This study created an index of insulin production for various foods and found that meat spiked insulin as effectively as pure white sugar.“
Quelle: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse von Holt et al. durch Mic. the Vegan