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Auszüge aus der Fachliteratur:
„Vegetarian diets confer protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, some cancers and total mortality. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to offer additional protection for obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality. (...) Lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan males experienced a 23% and 42% risks reduction in CVD mortality, respectively. Vegan males also had a 55% risk reduction for ischemic heart disease.“
Quelle: Le et al. 2014
„High animal protein intake was positively associated with cardiovascular mortality and high plant protein intake was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (...) Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially that from processed red meat, was associated with lower mortality.“
Quelle: Song et al. 2016
„A large and convincing body of evidence from studies in humans and laboratory animals shows that diets low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol are associated with low risks and rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.“
Quelle: National Research Council (US) Committee on Diet and Health 1989
„Vegetarians have (...) a lower risk of [ischemic heart disease] compared with non-vegetarians from a similar background“
Quelle: Appleby et al. 2016
„This comprehensive meta-analysis reports a significant protective effect of a vegetarian diet versus the incidence and/or mortality from ischemic heart disease (-25%) ...“
Quelle: Dinu et al. 2017
„A diet to lower cholesterol based on plant foods—grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits—is the best way to keep saturated fat intake low and to avoid cholesterol completely. A vegan diet is free of all animal products and yields the lowest risk of heart disease.“
Quelle: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 2017
„High animal protein intake was positively associated with cardiovascular mortality and high plant protein intake was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (...) Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially that from processed red meat, was associated with lower mortality.“
Quelle: Song et al. 2016
„Vegans have a food intake and a biochemical profile that will be expected to be cardioprotective ...“
Quelle: Goff et al. 2005
„In vegetarians, a decrease of ischemic heart disease mortality was observed probably due to lower total serum cholesterol levels, lower prevalence of obesity and higher consumption of antioxidants.“
Quelle: Ginter 2008
„… meat consumption was positively associated with mortality because of all causes of death combined (in males), coronary heart disease (in males and females), and diabetes (in males). Egg consumption was positively associated with mortality because of all causes combined (in females), coronary heart disease (in females), and cancers of the colon (in males and females combined) and ovary. Milk consumption was positively associated with (…) prostate cancer mortality …“
Quelle: Snowdon 1988
„Higher intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome; the lower risk may be the result of lower CRP concentrations. These findings support current dietary recommendations to increase daily intakes of fruit and vegetables as a primary preventive measure against cardiovascular disease.“
Quelle: Esmaillzadeh 2006
„Vegetarian diets have been associated with more favorable levels of cardiovascular risk factors, and nutrient profiles of the vegetarian dietary patterns suggest possible reasons for reduced cardiovascular risk, such as lower saturated fat and higher fiber consumption.“
Quelle: Orlich et al. 2013
„For hypertension, lacto-ovo-vegetarians experienced 55% lower risks; whereas, vegans had 75% risks reduction when compared to non-vegetarians. (...) For all cardiometabolic-related outcomes, vegans had lower risk than lacto-ovo-vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians. (...) Lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan males experienced a 23% and 42% risks reduction in CVD mortality, respectively. Vegan males also had a 55% risk reduction for ischemic heart disease.“
Quelle: Le et al. 2014
„... in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was (...) 26% lower in vegans.“
Quelle: Key et al. 1999
„... we found a positive association between egg consumption and the risk of [cardiovascular disease].“
Quelle: Metaanalyse basierend auf 14 Studien mit insg. 320.778 Proband:innen, Li et al. 2013
„Our data suggest a strong association between egg consumption and carotid plaque burden. The exponential nature of the increase in TPA by quintiles of egg consumption follows a similar pattern to that of cigarette smoking. The effect of the upper quintile of egg consumption was equivalent in terms of atheroma development to 2/3 of the effect of the upper quintile of smoking. (...) among participants who became diabetic during follow-up, daily egg consumption doubled [coronary heart disease] mortality ...“
Quelle: Spence et al. 2012
„Atherosclerosis associated with high dietary intake of meat, fat, and carbohydrates remains the leading cause of mortality in the US. This condition results from progressive damage to the endothelial cells lining the vascular system, including the heart, leading to endothelial dysfunction. (...) We suggest that a shift toward a plant-based diet may confer protective effects against atherosclerotic [coronary artery disease] by increasing endothelial protective factors in the circulation while reducing factors that are injurious to endothelial cells.“
Quelle: Tuso et al. 2015
„The cumulative event rate (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) over 10 years in the patients who completed the program [with a low-fat vegetarian diet] was 1.5%. The corresponding event rate in patients who dropped out was 18% …“
Quelle: Kappagoda et al. 2006
„Patients in the [vegetarian] group were found to have regression of angiographically detected coronary atherosclerosis and a 91% reduction of frequency of angina, while patients on the standard diet were found to have a 186% increase in the frequency of angina.“
Quelle: Massera et al. 2016
„Vegetarians have lower blood pressure and lower cardiovascular mortality. Vegetarian diets may have lower cardiovascular risks through positive influence on endothelium-dependent relaxation and related functions.“
Quelle: Lin et al. 2001
„25 cardiac events occurred in 28 [vegetarian] patients vs 45 events in 20 [non-vegetarian] patients during the 5-year follow-up (...) More regression of coronary atherosclerosis occurred after 5 years than after 1 year in the [vegetarian] group. In contrast, in the [non-vegetarian] group, coronary atherosclerosis continued to progress and more than twice as many cardiac events occurred.“
Quelle: Ornish et al. 1998
„There is a long-standing epidemiological link between the consumption of red meat (beef, pork, and lamb) and the incidence of carcinomas, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality …“
Quelle: Samraj et al. 2014
„We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for relationships of red (unprocessed), processed, and total meat consumption with incident CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. (...) Of 1598 identified abstracts, 20 studies met inclusion criteria, including 17 prospective cohorts and 3 case-control studies. (...) [each daily serving of] processed meat intake was associated with 42% higher risk of [coronary heart disease] ...“
Quelle: Review basierend auf 20 Studien mit insg. 1.218.380 Proband:innen, Micha et al. 2010
„Greater red meat intake is associated with an increased type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.“
Quelle: Ley et al. 2014
„A 21 day period of modified dietary intake in accordance with the [vegan] Daniel Fast is 1) well-tolerated by men and women and 2) improves several risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disease.“
Quelle: Bloomer et al. 2010